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Posts Tagged ‘IBM’

The emergence of the U.S. Automatic Data Processing Bureau of Cencus not complete the census since 1880 to nearly 1888. Bureau leaders immediately stop it before it went on for 10 years. The U.S. Commission Bureau, a statistician Herman Hollerith used his expertise in the use of punched-card for the census in 1890. With punched-card processing and Hollerith machines (Hollerith’s punched-card machine), the census can be completed within 2.5 years. This is the start of processing data automatically. Toil Dr. Hollerith proves once again that “needs a mother’s invention.”

Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company and sells its products throughout the world. Hollerith machines demand spread to Russia. The first census in Russia (1897) using Hollerith machines. In 1911, Hollerith Tabulating Company merged with several other companies and renamed the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company.

Electromechanical Accounting Machine Results (outputs) of the Hollerith machines still to be written by hand, until in 1919 the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company announced it has created a printer / lister who gradually change the way of life company. To develop its scope, in 1924 the company changed its name to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

Until the mid-1950s, punched-card technology improved with the addition of several tools and capabilities that are smarter. On each card typically contains a record (eg name and address), the processing of punched-card is also no such thing as record processing units (one card = one record). Although the interactive programming and on-line data entry has been made punched-card economically obsolete, we can still find in remote places (maybe not in Indonesia).

Family of punched-card machines Electromechanical Accounting Machine (EAM) is available with punch cards, verifiers, reproducer, summary punch, interpreter, sorter, collator, calculator, and accounting machines. Most of these tools in the program to perform a special operation by inserting a prewired control board. A different panel is connected (wired) for each type of operation to work.

Non-punched-card processing machine that uses punched-card has opened up job. Some of the room like a factory. Punched-card and printouts from the printer was transferred from another device to another using hand carts. Noise level is not much different from a car factory.

To prepare the archives punched-card to be processed, the cards have been sorted and arranged. Because each of the tools punched-card operate freely, several steps are called “steps machinery” needed to produce output. In one step, every file read one card at a time. In most modern information systems, only part of the required databases are processed, usually in a single step.

Management experts and organizations such as Peter Drucker, Michael Hammer, Porter, highly colored views of the management of information technology in the modern era.

Therefore it can be understood, that there are still many companies, especially in developing countries (third world), which is still difficult to adapt new theories about management, organization, and information technology as still attached to local cultural factors that affect behavior or local resource human.

So it is no wonder if the company was still frequently encountered with the most sophisticated computer equipment, but is still used as administrative tools which incidentally is the era of the world’s first use of computers in the early 1960′s.

ERA COMPUTERIZED

This period begins around the 1960′s when the mini-and mainframe computer companies like IBM are introduced into the industrial world. The ability to calculate such a rapidly causes a lot of companies that use it for purposes of data processing (data processing).

The use of computers in the future is intended to improve efficiency, because it proved for certain jobs, computer use is much more efficient (in terms of time and cost) compared to hiring tens of employees to the same thing.

In that era, have not seen such a tight competition atmosphere. The number of companies is still relatively small. Most of the company’s large firms indirectly “monopolize certain markets, because there is no meaningful competition.

There is no denying that one of the main causes of globalization are coming faster than expected all parties are due to the rapid development of information technology. Implementation of Internet, electronic commerce, electronic data interchange, virtual office, telemedicine, intranet, and others have been through the physical boundaries between countries.

Combining computer technology with telecommunications has produced a revolution in the field of information systems. Data or information on the antiquity must take days to be processed before being sent to the other side of the world, can now be done in seconds.

Not too much if one of the IBM experts menganalogikannya with automotive developments as follows: “if the world of automotive experience sepesat advances in information technology, currently can be produced a diesel-fueled cars, which can be driven up to a maximum speed of 10.000 km / h, with the purchase price only approximately U.S. $ 1! “.

On the micro level, there are enough interesting things to learn, namely how the evolutionary development of existing information technology significantly affect competition between companies in the world, especially those engaged in services.

Broadly speaking, there are four periods or the era of information systems development, starting from the first discovery to the present computer. Fourth era (Cash et al, 1992) occurred not only because it is triggered by the development of computer technology is so rapid, but also supported by new theories about the modern enterprise management.

There is no denying That one of the main Causes of globalization are coming faster than expected all parties are due to the rapid development of information technology. Implementation of Internet, electronic commerce, electronic data interchange, virtual office, telemedicine, intranet, and others have been through the physical boundaries the between countries.

Combining computer technology with telecommunications has produced a revolution in the field of information systems. Data or information on the antiquity must take days to be processed before being sent to the other side of the world, can now be done in seconds.

Not too much if one of the IBM experts menganalogikannya with automotive developments as follows: “if the world of automotive experience sepesat Advances in information technology, currently can be produced a diesel-fueled cars, the which can be driven up to a maximum speed of 10 000 km / h, with the purchase price only approximately U.S. $ 1! “.

On the micro level, there are enough interesting Things to learn, namely how the evolutionary development of existing information technology significantly affect competition, the between companies in the world, ESPECIALLY Those engaged in services.

Broadly speaking, there are four periods or the era of information systems development, starting from the first discovery to the present computer. Fourth era (Cash et al, 1992) Occurred Because it is not only triggered by the development of computer technology is so rapid, but also supported by new theories about the modern enterprise management